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13-04-2004, 16:42 | #61 |
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La navicella per Marte avrà propulsione nucleare,il discorso carburante cambia
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13-04-2004, 16:48 | #62 | |
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13-04-2004, 16:51 | #63 |
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Attualmente credo proprio di sì... in futuro, chissà...
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13-04-2004, 18:50 | #64 | |
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14-04-2004, 06:35 | #65 |
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Ti dirò... attualmente io sono tra quelli che preferibbe aspettare lo sviluppo di un sistema di propulsione "nucleare" per la missione umana su Marte, piuttosto che partire "adesso" (si parla comunque del 2030, eh! ) con le tecnologie attuali.
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29-04-2004, 00:25 | #66 |
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U.S. Snubbed China's Offer for Space Cooperation: 'Technology Not Mature'
By Tariq Malik SPACE.com Staff Writer posted: 09:30 am ET 28 April 2004 CAPE CANAVERAL, FL -- Despite joining the elite club of nations to have successfully launched humans into space, China remains an outsider with the United State, reaching out to other spacefaring countries, an expert on Chinese space exploration said Tuesday. The Chinese National Space Administration was surprised to receive a cold reaction from the U.S. after the successful flight of taikonaut Yang Liwei in October 2003, said Joan Johnson-Freese, an expert on China’s space efforts. “The Chinese were shocked to find that now that they had a manned space program the U.S. would not work with them,” Johnson-Freese said during the 41st Space Congress underway here. “They were told their ‘technology was not mature.’” For over a decade, China has fueled its human space flight program to the collective tune of $2.2 billion. That figure comes from Zhou Xiaofei, Manager of the Manned Spaceflight Department within the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. Zhou revealed the cost number at an International Space Law Seminar 2004, which opened on Apr 26 in Beijing, and was reported by China's People's Daily Online. A sizeable amount of those dollars, Zhou said, were used on construction of various facilities, including new structures at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, for an astronaut training center, and at the Beijing Spaceflight Center. These facilities not only provide necessary conditions for assembly, test and experiment, but also serve as the foundation for "sustainable development" of China's manned spaceflight project, he reported. Other funds were detailed to development of the Shenzhou piloted spacecraft, Zhou added, such as the carrier rocket and seven major systems for the project. A hefty chunk of funding was spent on four unpiloted Shenzhou shakeout missions before their first human flight of a Shenzhou V took place last October. Despite this investment, and China's cautious approach to the launching of its manned missions, the U.S. remained unmoved. Questions over whether China’s space effort is a civilian program, or a military endeavor that could eventually threaten the U.S., were reportedly responsible for the U.S.’s uncooperative reaction. “China is at least two decades behind the U.S. in military technology and ability,” Johnson-Freese said. But it is possible to develop military space technology through a manned program, there were discussions over whether China’s piloted Shenzhou spacecraft could serve as a reconnaissance platform, she added. Yang’s historic flight carried him around the Earth 14 times during his 21-hour flight aboard the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft. The flight’s success made China only the third nation to loft a human into space. Anticipating future space cooperation with the U.S., China fitted the Shenzhou craft with a docking ring capable of linking up with the International Space Station (ISS) and has at least one launch site, Jiuquan, located at near the same latitude as NASA’s Cape Canaveral, which would allow similar launch profiles, Johnson-Freese said. She added that the wall between China and U.S. space officials prompted at least one Chinese space official to tears. The cool reception from the U.S. prompted China to turn to other nations and coalitions like the European Space Agency (ESA), where the country has sunk $259 million in the multinational Galileo project. China is also spending $170 million for a moon rover, she added. Johnson-Freese, who also chairs the National Security Decision Making Department of the U.S. Naval College, routinely tours China to view its launch sites and other space capabilities. China, she said, sees its budding manned space program as a sign of economic development and a way of impressing nearby neighbors like Pakistan and Iran. Chinese space officials are now planning an October 2004 launch for Shenzhou 6, a two-person mission to last up to seven days, Johnson-Freese said. The Chinese space agency also plans to begin recruiting female taikonuts in 2005.
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04-05-2004, 09:43 | #67 |
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Panel: NASA Needs New Heavy-Lift Launch Vehicles
By Tariq Malik SPACE.com Staff Writer posted: 06:00 am ET 29 April 2004 CAPE CANAVERAL, FL -- In order to support future space exploration, both manned and unmanned, NASA will have to rely on new, expendable launch vehicles capable lofting much more cargo than current rockets, a panel of aerospace experts said Wednesday. An incremental approach to rocket design could develop boosters to rival the immense Saturn 5 launch vehicle that sent Apollo astronauts to the moon. But NASA could take the same step-by-step approach with its space shuttle launch vehicle with the advantage of already having a human-rated system to build on. "There are benefits to a shuttle-derived launch system," explained Michael Khan, vice president of space programs for the Brigham City, Utah-based ATK Thiokol Inc. "Everything is already human-rated and the workforce is already in place." Khan spoke during a panel discussion on the future of expendable launch vehicles held here at the 41st Space Congress. Khan outlined a plan that starts with the replacement of the space shuttle’s position in the current launch configuration with a cargo module capable of carrying 160,000 pounds (72,000 kilograms) into low Earth orbit by 2008. The system could then be gradually upgraded with a larger external tank and booster to loft 200,000 pounds (90,750 kilograms) by 2015, leading to an in-line ultra-heavy launch vehicle. A mid-size booster developed the same way could serve the future Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) that will transport astronauts once the space shuttle is retired. ATK Thiokol has already tested a larger, five-segment solid rocket boosters that, if adopted into NASA’s booster/external tank shuttle launch system, could increase the amount of material the shuttle could loft into space by up to 22,928 pounds (10,400 kilograms). "We need performance and we need reliability and safety," said Stephen Francois, manager of NASA’s launch services program, of future launch systems, during the panel discussion. "Where the crew is concerned, safety is paramount." Meanwhile, aerospace juggernauts Boeing and Lockheed Martin are each planning heavy-lift versions of their respective rocket workhorses. Boeing is preparing for a summer test of its Delta 4 Heavy booster under its Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program. Lockheed Martin is also developing a heavy-lift version of its Atlas launch vehicle for 2006. "It’s a pretty exciting time for all of us," said Dan Collins, vice president of Boeing’s Delta program, adding that new launch vehicles will play a critical role in the human exploration of the moon, Mars and beyond included in President Bush’s space vision announced earlier this year. "How we plan to get there will obviously affect what launch vehicles are used, but we don’t know what the mission is yet."
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04-05-2004, 09:46 | #68 |
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Timing & Alignment: Oddities of the Full Moon
By Joe Rao SPACE.com's Night Sky Columnist posted: 07:00 am ET 30 April 2004 In February this column discussed how long a Full Moon lasts and whether the Moon is ever really full (it isn't). These are not the only things about Earth's only natural satellite that often go unnoticed, misinterpreted or just cause general confusion. The next Full Moon on Tuesday, May 4, will offer an eclipse to skywatchers in much of Asia and parts of Europe and Africa. Not all Full Moons are accompanied by an eclipse, of course. That's because the orbit of the Moon around Earth is tilted slightly with respect to the orbit of Earth around the Sun. So only when all three bodies align perfectly can there be an eclipse. There are also interesting questions of timing. Last November I received several e-mails asking this question: "You say that a lunar eclipse can only occur at Full Moon. But this month’s eclipse will occur on the 8th and my calendar says that Full Moon falls on the 9th. Why is this so?" Just about all calendar manufacturers and newspapers base the dates of the lunar phases on the calculations of the U.S. Naval Observatory. Accurate Moon phase data is in fact, available from their Astronomical Applications Department covering the years from 1700 to 2035. There is one thing, however, that some publishers overlook. All the dates and times provided by the Naval Observatory are given in "Universal Time" (abbreviated UT) which is sometimes referred to, now colloquially, as "Greenwich Mean Time" (abbreviated GMT). The two terms are often used loosely to refer to time kept on the Greenwich meridian (longitude zero). If the times are not converted to your local time zone, you can sometimes end up being one day off on the date of a particular phase. In the case of last November’s lunar eclipse, the date and time of Full Moon according to the Naval Observatory was Nov. 9 at 1:13 UT. That’s why some calendars and newspapers said the Full Moon would occur on Nov. 9. But they weren’t careful to make the proper conversion for North American time zones. In this case, for Philadelphia, as an example, Full Moon occurred at 8:13 p.m. EST on Nov. 8, since Greenwich time runs five hours ahead of Eastern Standard Time. So in Philadelphia, the Full Moon (and the eclipse) occurred before midnight of the previous day. If you live in North America and want to check to see if the calendar now hanging on your wall has made the proper time conversions for the lunar phases, flip to October and see what day it says that the Full Moon will occur. If it says Oct. 28, 2004 then the manufacturer probably didn’t bother to convert from UT. For most of North America (except those who live in the Canadian Maritime Provinces), Full Moon officially occurs on the evening of Oct. 27, when, incidentally, another total lunar eclipse will take place. June is the month for proms and weddings and many no doubt have already consulted their calendars to time special events such as these to coincide with that month’s Full Moon. Most Americans will have the Full Moon occurring on the evening of Wednesday, June 2, 2004. But for those who live in the Eastern time zone, Full Moon officially occurs at 12:20 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time on Thursday, June 3. Since the majority of people who venture outside do so during convenient evening hours, those who gaze skyward on Wednesday night, June 2, will be looking at a Moon that will indeed appear very much "full." Most Easterners who consult calendars and local newspapers, however, will see June 3 listed as the night of Full Moon. But when they look skyward that Thursday evening, they will be looking not at a full Moon, but at a waning gibbous Moon! The advertised "Full Moon" will have long since passed and the Moon for that Thursday night will actually be nearly a full day past the time it turned full and as such, should look noticeably out of shape.
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13-05-2004, 15:39 | #69 |
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China Planning Autumn 2005 Space Mission
By Associated Press posted: 10:00 am ET 12 May 2004 BEIJING (AP) -- China plans to launch a pair of astronauts into orbit in autumn 2005 in its second manned space mission, the official Xinhua News Agency reported Wednesday. The flight will last five to seven days, Xinhua said, citing Qi Faren, the space program's chief designer. It was the first time the Chinese government disclosed the size of the planned crew of the Shenzhou 6 capsule. Earlier reports said the launch would be some time in 2005. The flight would come two years after China made history as the third nation to launch a human into space on its own, firing lone astronaut Yang Liwei into orbit. In October of last year, Yang circled the Earth 14 times and landed by parachute in China's northern grasslands. The Xinhua report didn't give any other details of the timing of the next flight or identities of its crew. Earlier reports said 14 astronauts - all military pilots - were in training. Qi said the crew of the Shenzhou 6 will move into the orbital module of the segmented craft to conduct experiments, Xinhua said. By contrast, Yang stayed in his seat throughout his flight. Qi made the remarks at a symposium in southeastern China, Xinhua said. After the Shenzhou 6 flight, plans call for another launch before 2010 that will include China's first space walk, the report said.
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17-05-2004, 00:42 | #70 |
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Gravity Probe B continues toward science operations
NASA STATUS REPORT Posted: May 15, 2004 As of Day #24 of the mission, all spacecraft subsystems are functioning properly on Gravity Probe B, a NASA experiment to test two predictions of Albert Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. The orbit is stable and meets our requirements for next month's transition into the science phase of the mission, upon completion of the spacecraft initialization and orbit checkout. Furthermore, Gravity Probe B has successfully achieved several important milestones over the past week. All four gyroscopes have now been digitally suspended for over a week. At launch, the gyros were unsuspended. Once on orbit, each gyro was first suspended in analog mode, which provides coarse control of the gyro's suspended position within its housing. Analog mode is used primarily as a backup or safe mode for suspending the gyros. Each gyro was then suspended digitally. The digital suspension mode is computer-controlled; it puts less torque on the gyros than analog mode and enables their position to be controlled with extremely high precision. At the end of last week, the Gravity Probe B team practiced Low Temperature Bakeout (LTB), in which discs of sintered titanium (very tiny titanium balls, smaller than cake sprinkles) are "warmed up" a few Kelvin, thereby attracting helium molecules to them. This process will remove any remaining helium from the gyro housings after full gyro spin-up. Last week's practice LTB procedure had the added benefit of imparting a very small amount of spin-up helium gas to the gyros. Following the practice LTB, the SQUID gyro read-out data revealed that gyro #1, gyro #3, and gyro #4 were slowly spinning at 0.001, 0.002, and 0.010 Hz, respectively (1 Hz = 60 rpm). Amazingly, the Gyro Suspension Systems (GSS) were able to measure gas spin-up forces at the level of approximately 10 nano-newton (10-8 N). This means that the GP-B science team is able to interpret data from gyro spin rates four to five orders of magnitude smaller than what was planned for the GP-B science experiment. Earlier this week, the GP-B spacecraft flew "drag free" around gyro #1, maintaining translation control of the spacecraft to less than 500 nanometers. The term, "drag-free" means that the entire spacecraft literally floats in its orbit -- without any friction or drag -- around one the gyros. Pairs of proportional micro thrusters put out a steady and finely controlled stream of helium gas, supplied by the Dewar, through its porous plug. Signals from the Gyro Suspension System (GSS) control the output of the micro thrusters, balancing the spacecraft around the selected gyro. The initial Drag Free Control (DFC) checkout lasted 20 minutes, as planned. Then, a two-hour DFC session was tested, during which the spacecraft roll rate was increased and then returned to its initial rate, maintaining drag-free status throughout the test. Achieving DFC indicates that we are on track to meet the science mission control requirements. Last, but not least, early this week, the Attitude & Translation Control system (ATC) successfully used data from the on-board star sensors to point the spacecraft towards the guide star, IM Pegasi. This was the final step before initiating the dwell scan process, a series of increasingly accurate scans with the on-board telescope that enable the ATC to lock onto the guide star. Two days ago, the telescope's shutter was opened, and a first dwell scan was completed. We are now in the final stages of repeating the dwell scan to home in on the guide star and lock onto it. The Initialization & Orbit Checkout phase of the Gravity Probe B mission remains on track for completion within 60 days after launch, at which time the 13-month science data collection will begin. This will be followed by a two-month final calibration of the science instrument assembly. NASA's Gravity Probe B mission, also known as GP-B, will use four ultra-precise gyroscopes to test Einstein's theory that space and time are distorted by the presence of massive objects. To accomplish this, the mission will measure two factors -- how space and time are warped by the presence of the Earth, and how the Earth's rotation drags space-time around with it. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., manages the Gravity Probe B program for NASA's Office of Space Science. Stanford University in Stanford, Calif., developed and built the science experiment hardware and operates the science mission for NASA. Lockheed Martin of Palo Alto, Calif., developed and built the GP-B spacecraft. Launch review
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17-05-2004, 00:45 | #71 |
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Private Rocket SpaceShipOne Makes Third Rocket-Powered Flight
By Leonard David Senior Space Writer posted: 03:55 pm ET 13 May 2004 Chalk up another booming flight of the privately-backed SpaceShipOne, the piloted rocket plane designed to soar to the edge of space and glide to a runway landing. With pilot Mike Melvill at the controls -- following release from the White Knight turbojet-powered launch aircraft high above the Mojave, California desert -- SpaceShipOne punched through the sky today boosted by a hybrid propellant rocket motor. Scaled Composites of Mojave is the builder of SpaceShipOne, an effort led by aviation innovator, Burt Rutan. The financial backer of the project is Microsoft mogul, Paul Allen. In a post-flight statement from the company, the SpaceShipOne team reported that their space plane flew to 212,000 feet altitude, almost 41 miles. NASA awards astronaut status to anyone who flies above 50 miles in altitude. "This flight marks an additional milestone for Paul G. Allen, Burt Rutan and the innovative aerospace design team in their ongoing efforts to complete the first non-government manned space flight. The test is part of Scaled Composites' Tier One program, funded by Allen, Microsoft co-founder and CEO of Vulcan Inc.," according to the statement. Today's flight builds upon a progression of 13 shakeout tests, mostly un-powered drop glides along with two engine-thrusting runs. The White Knight took off with SpaceShipOne at around 10:30 a.m. EDT today with the rocket plane landing an the ground a little after 12 noon. "The SpaceShipOne team will announce the results of this test flight once it has completed an analysis of the data," explained the Scaled Composites release, adding: "The future's looking up...way up!" Hot pursuit SpaceShipOne's first powered mission took place on December 17, 2003, with the hybrid motor firing for 15 seconds. A second powered flight occurred on April 8th of this year. In that trek, the motor burned for 40 seconds. A major contractor for the hybrid motor used in the rocket plane is SpaceDev of Poway, California. Routine recording of multiple video streams on board White Knight and on SpaceShipOne are expected to help in pilot and engineering evaluation of the flight. Ecliptic Enterprises Corporation of Pasadena, California provides the critical camera gear. They are also supplier of the RocketCam™ line of onboard video systems used on rockets, spacecraft and other remote platforms. The step-by-step SpaceShipOne missions are keyed to winning the Ansari X Prize, a $10 million purse offered by the X Prize Foundation of St. Louis, Missouri. For the cash prize, however, the clock is running as the $10 million purse expires January 1, 2005. The Ansari X Prize money is to be awarded to the first company or organization to launch a vehicle capable of carrying three people to a height of 62.5 miles (100 kilometers), then return safely to Earth, and repeat the flight with the same vehicle within two weeks. Twenty-seven teams from around the globe are vying for the Ansari X Prize contest. The competition is modeled on the $25,000 Orteig Prize - won by Charles Lindbergh after winging his Spirit of St. Louis airplane solo from New York to Paris in 1927. Federal go-ahead On April 1, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) announced it had issued to Scaled Composites the world's first license for a sub-orbital manned rocket flight. The license came via the DOT's Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Commercial Space Transportation. This federal paperwork gave Scaled Composites the go-ahead to fly a string of sub-orbital flights for a one-year period - the first license to authorize piloted flight on a sub-orbital trajectory. XCOR Aerospace, also of Mojave, California, announced in April it had received a Reusable Launch Vehicle mission license from the FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation. That license is the first for a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) that is launched and recovered from the ground. Additionally, XCOR is now authorized to test RLV technologies prior to suborbital passenger travel. The company is not in the competition for the Ansari X Prize. XCOR's launch license is for a technology test vehicle. The license does not yet cover passenger operations. It does, however, permit revenue-generating payload flights after initial tests are completed. "A significant feature of the license is that it allows the pilot to do an incremental series of flight tests -- without preplanning each trajectory," said XCOR Government Liaison Randall Clague in a press statement. Mojave mojo Given all the rocket plane activity at the Mojave Airport, steps have been taken to have the facility certified as a spaceport. Stuart Witt, General Manager of the Mojave Airport, envisions the site busily handling the horizontal launchings and landings of reusable spacecraft. Witt said the FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation is reviewing an application to license Mojave Airport as an inland spaceport. In fact, the airport is already a natural center for research and development and certification programs, such as the rocket plane work of Scaled Composites and XCOR Aerospace. Many see Mojave Airport as a magical nexus for safe, smooth coordination of general aviation activity and private aerospace development. Mojave Airport, also tagged the nation's Civilian Flight Test Center, is situated away from major metropolitan areas, while being located near Edwards and China Lake military test ranges. "Certainly Mojave is a premier location due to its proximity to the Edwards Air Force Base restricted areas," Burt Rutan told SPACE.com . Adds Aleta Jackson, an XCOR Aerospace executive: "We look forward to flying our licensed spacecraft from the Mojave Spaceport." The town of Mojave -- as well as the County of Kern -- plan to help support the spaceport, such as designating land use that is compatible with an active spaceport, she said.
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19-05-2004, 01:22 | #72 | ||
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la Cina rilancia... vogliono anche una stazione spaziale...
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19-05-2004, 08:49 | #73 |
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La Cina che mette su da sola una stazione spaziale? Hmmmm... mi puzza...
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19-05-2004, 08:54 | #74 |
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19-05-2004, 20:03 | #75 |
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Vabbè la libertà di espressione, ma proprio l'ASPS...
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20-05-2004, 10:06 | #76 | |
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ma la verità è che le equazioni di Maxwell sono carenti nella parte delle correnti in alta frequenza nei circuiti aperti, i campi magnetici in alta frequenza tra circuiti aperti non sono del tutto chiari x spiegazioni: http://groups.google.it/groups?q=lap...hnet.it&rnum=1 la fase, la frequenza, le correnti, la lunghezza dei dipoli con correnti in alta frequenza generano strani fenomeni come quello del paese in fiamme! insomma la fisica e la natura non sono del tutto chiare! http://groups.google.it/groups?q=lap...hnet.it&rnum=1 almeno leggi questo link! non esiste una persona che sia riuscita a spiegare p=E/c da dove arriva asenza arrampicarsi sui vetri! ..........scusa eh! ma se manco sai cosa c'è nel link....mi pare un po eccessivo! e poi io dei baronati di ricerca italiani non ho fiducia! li considero alla stregua dei mafiosi! Ultima modifica di bandierarossa : 20-05-2004 alle 10:10. |
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31-05-2004, 20:05 | #77 |
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Vega rocket one step nearer
EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY NEWS RELEASE Posted: May 30, 2004 An important step forward has just been made in the development of the European Space Agency's Vega launcher. After several months work at the Guiana Propellant Plant at Europe's Spaceport, the inert casting of the main Vega motor has been successfully carried out. An artist's view of Vega on the launch pad. Credit: ESA-J. Huart "The objectives have been fully attained," is how Massimo Epifani, an engineer from Avio S.p.A. based in Colleferro, Italy, described the inert casting exercise that began in April at the Guiana Propellant Plant (UPG). Avio S.p.A., the company responsible for Vega's P80 first stage motor, sent a team to French Guiana to supervise this important step in the development of Europe's small launcher. The Vega Programme Altogether seven ESA Member States are involved in the Vega Programme in which Italy, the largest contributor, plays a major role. The objective is to build a small single body launcher with three solid propulsion stages and an upper stage powered by liquid propulsion. The P80 is the only stage to be prepared at the Spaceport as all the others arrive from Europe by ship, complete and ready to be integrated. Vega, 30 meters tall and with a diameter of 3 meters, will be able to place a 1.5 tonne payload into polar orbit. Once launched in 2006 this 'small' launcher will be the perfect complement to the large Ariane 5 and the medium-class Soyuz that will commence operating from Europe's Spaceport in 2007. The P80 first solid propulsion stage is the result of a specific development programme. The new technology being used not only benefits Vega but also the Ariane-5 programme as it will be used in future Ariane-5 versions. This cycle of experience, leading to innovation, resulting in added value, is a cornerstone of the Launchers' Programme and ensures long-term development and progress. An artist's view of Vega blasting off. Credit: ESA-J. Huart Vega's P80 first stage is 10.5 metres tall and can hold 88 tonnes of propellant. Once it is eventually integrated with the other three stages: Zefiro 23, Zefiro 9 and the AVUM, Vega will be ready for its first launch. At liftoff the P80 will provide Vega with 300 tonnes of thrust for 106.7 seconds. Inert casting trial This operation involves the casting of a non-explosive mixture - hence the term inert - with the same density and characteristics as the solid propellant that the first stage engine will use. The reason for the trial is that it enables all the P80 production and casting procedures to be safely validated before the final casting with real propellant. The campaign began last December as soon as all the elements arrived at the UPG. It involved setting up all the equipment, carrying out a test run, then dismantling and reassembling the casting mandrel to ensure that everything was ready. The green light was given at the end of March and the casting was made on 7 April. This entailed 'cooking' the P80 for 10 days in a pit, then allowing it to cool before extracting the mandrel to leave behind a perfect cast. Now this is being carefully tested to enable the team to see how well it has been made and to check for any defects. The success of these tests means that the first casting of the P80 motor can take place as scheduled next year, ready for the first firing tests of the P80 at the test bench facilites at Europe's Spaceport.
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04-06-2004, 01:15 | #78 | |
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allora siamo vicini al primo volo commerciale in orbita? giugno sarà un mese memorabile per la ricerca spaziale... Cassini su Saturno e questo!
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http://www.betterhumans.com/News/new...D=2004-06-03-5 |
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04-06-2004, 06:18 | #79 |
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Speriamo...
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07-06-2004, 23:57 | #80 |
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Venus' Atmosphere to be Probed During Rare Solar Transit
By Robert Roy Britt Senior Science Writer posted: 06:30 am ET 07 June 2004 People in many locations around the world will watch Venus cross the Sun Tuesday for the first time in 122 years in a highly anticipated skywatching event could generate a little science, too. While the spectacle holds little significance for most astronomers, one researcher plans to use it as an opportunity to examine an unexplored region of our sister planet's atmosphere. The effort will also refine skills for probing the skies of planets beyond our solar system. Venus last crossed the face of the Sun, an event known as a transit, in 1882. The geometry is much like that of a solar eclipse: Venus (instead of the Moon) will be directly between Earth and the Sun. Because the two planets orbit the Sun in slightly different planes, this perfect alignment is rare. Transits of Mercury, on the other hand, are much more common. Tuesday's transit will be visible across all of Europe and much of Asia and Africa. Many skywatchers in eastern portions of the United States will have a chance to see the final moments of the passage. Experts warn that proper viewing techniques must be employed, such as approved solar filters, self-made pinhole cameras or by projecting the event against a wall. [Viewing Tips] No one should look directly at the Sun without a safe filter, as serious eye damage can result. To get a good view, Timothy Brown of the National Center for Atmospheric Research is trekking to Spain's Canary Islands off the coast of Africa. There he will use a large telescope and a recently developed technique that should reveal chemicals in Venus' atmosphere by analyzing sunlight that passes through it. Space missions have already provided a good view of the Venusian atmosphere. It is made mostly of carbon dioxide, so thick it shrouds our view of the surface. But there are other substances in the air there, and Brown said there is a void of data at between 40 and 53 miles (65 and 85 kilometers) above the scorching surface. So that's where he'll concentrate. "I hope to make a substantial addition to knowledge of an atmospheric region not well observed in the past," Brown said. "But also the experiment will be a source of great inspiration and motivation for investigating the atmospheres of extrasolar planets." Brown and colleagues developed the method to make the first discovery, in 2001, of an atmosphere around a planet orbiting another star. In that case, they couldn't even see the planet -- it had been discovered by noting the wobble it induced on its host star. When Venus crosses in front of the Sun for more than six hours, it will be readily visible - without a telescope -- as a tiny black dot on the solar surface, at least for those who plan a safe way of seeing it. "This is among the rarest of astronomical events," says SPACE.com's Night Sky Columnist Joe Rao. "Between the years 2000 BC and 4000 AD there are only 81 Venusian transits." The next one occurs in 2012.
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